Dealing with Divergence: Intra-party Dynamics and Spoiler Management in Civil Wars

Abstract Civil war peace processes are frequently accompanied by spoiler behavior relating to intra-party divergence, such as leadership struggles or breakaway groups, which risk undermining the implementation of a accord. However, previous literature has not sufficiently explored how third-party actors can address linked aspects. This study addresses this gap providing an empirical analysis few illustrative cases armed in two West Africa—Sierra Leone after 1999 Lomé accords and Liberia 2003 Accra agreement. We find that contexts where there is vertical divergence between leader rest group, divisive strategies—aimed divide rule marginalize—are effective. In contrast, situations horizontal different factions more equal power, integrative at unifying ranks reconciling divided leadership—are appropriate. enhances our understanding strategies be devised manage divisions otherwise may threaten transition from peace.